Multimedia Education and Courses in Nanotechnology
 
 

Synchrotron Courses:
"Exploring Matter with Synchrotron Light" multimedia encyclopedia

Table of Contents

  
     
 
LIGHT and MATTER
1. Light
Nature of light
 History of physics
Electromagnetic
waves		 > Wavelength  > Frequency
                        > Energy
> Range of electromagnetic waves
> Spectrum      > White beam
                        > Monochromatic beam
                        > Fluorescence
                        > Colours
Photon
Properties
of light
 Reflection
Refraction
Diffraction > Probing matter
> Diffraction pattern
Polarization
Coherence > Lasers
> Ruby laser
> Interference
X-Rays
 History of X-Rays
Nobel prize winners
Properties > Diffraction
   > Bragg’s Law
   > Diffraction pattern
> Crystallography
X-Ray tubes > Emission spectrum
Synchrotron
light
 History
Emission principle
Properties > Spectrum
> Flux
> Polarization
> Pulsed structure
> Brilliance
2. Matter
Atoms
 Nucleus
Electron > Electron shells > Energy state
                           > Exclusion principle
                           > Orbital
Periodic table
Interatomic
bonds
 Molecule
Covalent bond
Ionic bond
 > Ionic
Metallic bond
Hydrogen bond
Van der Waals bond
Order and disorder
 Gas
Liquid
Solid

> Crystallized solid > Cristal
                               > Unit cell
                               > Cristal latice
> Defects
Amorphous solid
Properties of matter
 Electrical conductivity
Insulators
Conductors
 > Metal > Energy bands
Semiconductors
 > Doping
Superconductors
 > BCS Theory
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TECHNOLOGY
1. Machine
Generalities
 Energy of the electrons > Energy scales of synchrotron light
Curved trajectory > Lorenz force
Vacuum
Acceleration > RF cavities > Electron bunches
Generation
Injection
 Electron gun
Linac
Booster > Closed trajectory > Cyclotron
> Acumulation in the ring
Storage ring
 Constant energy
Bending magnets > Emission spectrum
> Separation of photons and electrons
Insertion devices > Wigglers
> Undulators > Shimming
                      > Helical undulators
Focusing magnets
Operation modes
> Single-bunch mode
Front-end
2. Beamline
General features
 Optics cabin
Experimental cabin
Control cabin
Optics
 Slits and filters
Crystal monochromators
> Cooling
Mirrors
Multilayers
Microfocusing optics

> Fresnel zone plate
> Capillaries and waveguides
> Compound refractive lenses
Polarizers
Sample
 Difractometer
Medical chair
Sample environment
 > Temperature
> Presure > High-presure cells
Mechanical stress
Electric and magnetic fields
Sample preparation
Detectors
 Photographic film
Image plate
Gas detectors
Semiconductors
CCD Camera > Image intensifier
Detection characteristics > Detective Quantum Efficiency
> Spatial resolution
> Temporal resolution
> Energy resolution
> Dynamic range
Control, data, acquisition,
safety
 Control cabin
Scientists
Data acquisition
Safety
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METHODS
X-ray
imaging
 Medical radiography
> Dose
> Contrast
Tomography
X-ray tomography > X-ray phase contrast
> Holography
X-ray microscopy
X-ray absorption spectroscopy
 Principle of X-ray absorption > Excitation and ionization
> Photoelectric effect
X-ray absorption spectroscopy
 > Absorption edges
> EXAFS
> XANES
> Circular dichroism
X-ray emission spectroscopy > Fluorescence
> Auger spectroscopy
Photoemission
X-ray scattering
 Elastic scattering
Inelastic processes
 > Compton scattering
> Inelastic scattering
Diffuse scattering
 > Small-angle scattering
> Wide-angle scattering
> Anomalous scattering > Resonance
Nuclear scattering
X-ray diffraction
 Principle of diffraction
Diffraction pattern > Reciprocal latice
Specific methods > Protein crystallography
   > Phase problem > MIR
                               > MAD
Magnetic diffraction
Surface diffraction
Powder diffraction
Complementary methods
 Neutrons > Nuclear scattering
> Magnetic scattering
> Applications
Electrons > Electron microscopy
> Electron diffraction
> Other electron techniques
NMR
> Applications
Mass spectrometry
Table of comparison
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APPLICATIONS
Physics
 Surfaces
 > Methods
> Surface reconstruction
> Crystalline growth
> Solid-liquid interface
Magnetism
 > Principle
       > Magnetic materials
> Phase transitions
> Magnetic domains
> Thin magnetic films
       > Giant magnetoresistance
       > Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy
> Manganese perovskites
Extreme conditions
 > Iron
> Ice
> Metallization
Various examples
 > Quasycristals
> Fullerenes
> Speckles
> Sound waves
Materials
 Miscellaneous materials
 > Bottles made of PET
> PVC polymer foam
> Colloids
> Glass
> Cement
> Composite alloys
> Superconductors
Microelectronics
 > Silicon wafers
> Semiconductors
> Lithography
> Microstructures
Biological materials
 > Wood
> Spider silk
> Chocolate
Biology
 Macromolecules > Proteins
      > Amino acids
      > Structure
> Nucleic acids
      > Nucleotides
      > DNA structure
Structural analysis
 > Protein crystals
> Crystallization
> Other methods
Examples
 > Bacteriorhodopsin
> Nucleosome
> Blue-tongue virus
> Importin
> Ribosome
> Elicitin
> Myoglobin
> Cell division
> Muscles
> Hair
Medicine
 Methods of medical imaging > Radiography
> Tomography
> MRI
> Echography
> Scintigraphy
Examples > CT
> Microbeam
> Angiography
> Imaging of tumors
> Mammography
> AIDS
> Alzheimer’s disease
> Demyelination
> Collagen fibers
> Atherosclerosis
> Osteoporosis
Chemistry
 Catalysts
 > Zeolites
> Synthesis of ammonia
> Fuel cells
Polymers
 > Copolymers
> Polysurfur nitride
Water
 > Hydrogen bond
> Hydrophobicity
Applications
 > Surfactants
> Make up in Ancient Egipt
Environment
 Energy sources
 > Coal
> Nuclear waste
> Nuclear safety
> Solar energy
Pollution
 > Decontaminating plants
> Bacteria
> Enzyme against greenhouse effect
> Plastics
> Chlorine bleach
> Catalytic converters
Snow
  
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